Biology (BIOL)

BIOL 101. Introductory Biology.

(3-0) Cr. 3. F.S.SS.
Life considered at cellular, organism, and population levels. Function and diversity of the living world. Presentation of basic biological principles as well as topics and issues of current human interest. Intended primarily for nonmajors; available to biology majors for elective credit.

BIOL 110. Introduction to Biology.

Cr. 1. F.
Orientation to the scope of the biological sciences, and discussion of professional opportunities. Required of first year biology majors. Offered on a satisfactory-fail basis only.

BIOL 111. Opportunities in Biology.

(1-0) Cr. 0.5. S.
Introduction to biological science disciplines and professional opportunities through faculty presentations which examine a variety of current research topics. Offered on a satisfactory-fail basis only.

BIOL 155. Human Biology.

(3-0) Cr. 3. F.S.
A survey course of human biology, including principal structures and functions of the body systems and the diseases and disorders associated with them. Designed to meet general education requirements in natural science. Not recommended for those seeking a career in the allied health professions or for students majoring in life science.

BIOL 173. Environmental Biology.

(Cross-listed with ENV S). (3-0) Cr. 3. F.S.
An introduction to the structure and function of natural systems at scales from the individual to the biosphere and the complex interactions between humans and their environment. Discussions of human population growth, biodiversity, sustainability, resource use, and pollution. Intended primarily for non-majors; available to biology majors for elective credit.

BIOL 201. Introduction to Environmental Issues.

(Cross-listed with ENSCI, ENV S). (2-0) Cr. 2. F.S.
Discussion of current and emerging environmental issues such as human population growth, energy use, loss of biodiversity, water resources, and climate change.

BIOL 204. Biodiversity.

(Cross-listed with ENV S). (4-0) Cr. 2. S. Prereq: One course in life sciences
Survey of the major groups of organisms and biological systems. Definition, measurements, and patterns of distribution of organisms. Sources of information about biodiversity. Intended primarily for non-majors; available to biology majors for elective credit. Half semester course.

BIOL 211. Principles of Biology I.

(3-0) Cr. 3. F.S. Prereq: High school biology and chemistry or credit or enrollment in CHEM 163 or CHEM 177
Introduction to the nature of life, including the cellular basis of life; the nature of heredity; evolution; diversity of microbial, plant, and animal life; and principles of ecology. Intended for life science majors. First of core series of required courses for the biology major.

BIOL 211L. Principles of Biology Laboratory I.

(0-3) Cr. 1. F.S. Prereq: Credit or enrollment in BIOL 211
Laboratory to accompany 211.

BIOL 212. Principles of Biology II.

(3-0) Cr. 3. F.S. Prereq: BIOL 211
Introduction to the nature of life, including the cellular basis of life; energy relationships; the nature of heredity; evolution; form and function of microbial, plant, and animal life.

BIOL 212L. Principles of Biology Laboratory II.

(0-3) Cr. 1. F.S. Prereq: credit or enrollment in BIOL 212
Laboratory to accompany 212.

BIOL 255. Fundamentals of Human Anatomy.

(3-0) Cr. 3. F. Prereq: High School Biology and Chemistry, or BIOL 101
An introduction to human anatomy, beginning with cells and tissues, surveying all body systems, relating form to function. Systems covered include: integumentary, bones and joints, muscles, nervous, sensory, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive. Pre-Medical students should consider BIOL 351 for their anatomy background. Not intended for major credit in biology.

BIOL 255L. Fundamentals of Human Anatomy Laboratory.

(0-3) Cr. 1. F. Prereq: Credit or enrollment in BIOL 255
Investigation of human anatomy using models and dissections of preserved organs and model mammals. Pre-Medical students should consider 351 for their anatomy background. Not intended for major credit in biology.

BIOL 256. Fundamentals of Human Physiology.

(3-0) Cr. 3. S. Prereq: High School Biology and Chemistry, or BIOL 101, or BIOL 255 (recommended)
An introduction to human physiology, studying the function of all body systems. Systems covered include: integumentary, bones and joints, muscles, nervous, sensory, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic and immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive. Pre-Medical students should consider 335 for their physiology background. Not intended for major credit in biology.

BIOL 256L. Fundamentals of Human Physiology Laboratory.

(0-3) Cr. 1. S. Prereq: Credit or enrollment in BIOL 256
Student-conducted experiments investigating concepts of human physiology with computer data acquisition and analysis. Interpretation of experimental results and preparation of lab reports. Pre-Medical students should consider 335 for their anatomy and physiology background. Not intended for major credit in biology.

BIOL 258. Human Reproduction.

(Cross-listed with W S). (3-0) Cr. 3. F. Prereq: BIOL 101, or BIOL 155, or BIOL 211
Anatomy and physiology of human reproductive systems, including fertility, pregnancy, and delivery.

BIOL 306. Metabolic Physiology of Mammals.

Cr. 3. Prereq: BIOL 211, BIOL 212
Introduction to physiology of metabolic function in mammals and other animals. Metabolic processes and their interactions with various subsystems, approached form an organismal perspective. Integration of cellular, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal processes, relevant to their control and integration at the nervous and endocrine system levels. Functional aspects of organismal physiology; energy and water balances, physiology of rest exercise, and environmental stress. Students cannot receive credit for both Biol 306 and Biol 335.

BIOL 307. Women in Science and Engineering.

(Cross-listed with W S). (3-0) Cr. 3. F. Prereq: a 200 level course in science, engineering or women's studies; ENGL 250
The interrelationships of women and science and engineering examined from historical, sociological, philosophical, and biological perspectives. Factors contributing to underrepresentation; feminist critiques of science; examination of successful strategies.

Meets U.S. Diversity Requirement

BIOL 312. Ecology.

(Cross-listed with A ECL). (3-3) Cr. 4. F.SS. Prereq: BIOL 211L and BIOL 212L
Fundamental concepts and principles of ecology dealing with organisms, populations, communities and ecosystems. Laboratory and field exercises examine ecological principles and methods as well as illustrate habitats.

BIOL 313. Principles of Genetics.

(Cross-listed with GEN). (3-0) Cr. 3. F.S.SS. Prereq: BIOL 211, BIOL 211L, BIOL 212, and BIOL 212L
Introduction to the principles of transmission and molecular genetics of plants, animals, and bacteria. Recombination, structure and replication of DNA, gene expression, cloning, quantitative and population genetics. Students may receive graduation credit for no more than one of the following: Gen 260, Gen 313 and 313L, Gen 320, Biol 313 and 313L, and Agron 320.

BIOL 313L. Genetics Laboratory.

(Cross-listed with GEN). (0-3) Cr. 1. F.S. Prereq: Credit or enrollment in BIOL 313
Laboratory to accompany 313. Students may receive graduation credit for no more than one of the following: Biol 313 and 313L, Gen 260, Gen 313, Gen 320, and Agron 320.

BIOL 314. Principles of Molecular Cell Biology.

(3-0) Cr. 3. F.S. Prereq: BIOL 313
Integration of elementary principles of metabolism, bioenergetics, cell structure and function to develop a molecular view of how the cell works.

BIOL 315. Biological Evolution.

(3-0) Cr. 3. F.S. Prereq: BIOL 313
The mechanisms of evolution. Topics in microevolution: population genetics, natural selection, genetic variation, and adaptation. Macroevolution: speciation, extinction, phylogeny, and major evolutionary patterns.

BIOL 328. Cell Physiology of Human Diseases.

Cr. 3. Prereq: BIOL 212
Survey of molecular, genetic and cellular aspects of human diseases. Fundamental concepts of cell biology and how they are linked to the pathologies of different classes of human diseases. Recent scientific advances with an emphasis on new methods of diagnosis and treatment.

BIOL 330. Principles of Plant Physiology.

(3-0) Cr. 3. Prereq: BIOL 313 or GEN 320; BIOL 314 or BBMB 301; CHEM 231 or CHEM 332; PHYS 106 or PHYS 111
An overview of classical and current concepts, principles and approaches regarding the basic mechanisms of plant function underlying growth, development and survival of plants. Topics covered include environmental and developmental signals, plant hormone action, signal transduction, mineral nutrition, water relations, metabolism and photosynthesis. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 330L. Principles of Plant Physiology Laboratory.

(0-3) Cr. 1. Prereq: Credit or enrollment in BIOL 330
Laboratory to accompany BIOL 330. Experiments and explorations illustrating fundamental principles of plant physiology. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 335. Principles of Human and Other Animal Physiology.

(3-3) Cr. 4. F.S. Prereq: BIOL 314
Introduction to systemic functions with emphasis on mammals. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 336. Ecological and Evolutionary Animal Physiology.

Cr. 3. Prereq: BIOL 211, BIOL 212
Study of mechanisms by which animals perform life-sustaining functions; the evolution and adaptive significance of physiology traits, the diversity of physiological mechanisms, and how physiology and ecology interact.

BIOL 351. Comparative Chordate Anatomy.

(3-4) Cr. 5. S. Prereq: BIOL 212, junior classification
The evolution of chordates as reflected in the anatomy of extinct and living forms. Lecture topics include the history and diversity of chordates; comparisons of anatomic structures among major groups, the adaptive significance of anatomic structures. Laboratory involves dissection of representative species.

BIOL 352. Vertebrate Histology.

(3-3) Cr. 4. S. Prereq: BIOL 212
Microscopic structure of vertebrate tissues and organs, with an introduction to histological techniques.

BIOL 353. Introductory Parasitology.

(Cross-listed with V PTH, MICRO). (3-3) Cr. 4. S. Prereq: BIOL 212
Biology and host-parasite relationships of major groups of animal parasites, and techniques of diagnosing and studying parasites.

BIOL 354. Animal Behavior.

(3-0) Cr. 3. F. Prereq: BIOL 212
Ethological and sociobiological approaches to animal behavior. Genetic and developmental aspects of behavior, biological rhythms, orientation (including navigation, migration), communication, and social behavior (mating, aggression, parental care).

BIOL 354L. Laboratory in Animal Behavior.

(0-3) Cr. 1. F. Prereq: Credit or enrollment in BIOL 354
Laboratory techniques for observation, description and analysis of animal activities; independent projects.

BIOL 355. Plants and People.

(3-0) Cr. 3. S. Prereq: Credit in BIOL 211 and BIOL 211L
Uses of plants and fungi by humans and the importance of plants in the past, present and future. Discussion of fruits, vegetables, grains, herbs, spices, beverages, oils, fibers, wood, medicines, and drugs, in the context of their agricultural, cultural, and economic roles in modern societies. Emphasis on origins and worldwide diversity of culturally important plants, their characteristics, and uses.

BIOL 356. Dendrology.

(Cross-listed with FOR). (2-4) Cr. 4. F. Prereq: BIOL 211
Identification and ecology of North American woody plant species. Importance of woody plants in timber production and wildlife habitat. Natural disturbances, human impacts, management and restoration concerns for major North American forest regions will be addressed. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 364. Invertebrate Biology.

Cr. 3-4. F. Prereq: BIOL 212
Emphasis on diversity, development, physiology and behavior of invertebrate organisms- the "spineless wonders" of the world. Laboratory involves hands-on study and investigation of living invertebrates.

BIOL 365. Vertebrate Biology.

(Cross-listed with A ECL). (3-2) Cr. 4. F. Prereq: BIOL 212, BIOL 212L
Evolution, biology, and classification of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Emphasis on a comparative analysis of the structure and function of organ systems. Laboratory exercises concentrate on morphology and identification of orders of vertebrates.

BIOL 366. Plant Systematics.

(2-4) Cr. 4. S. Prereq: BIOL 211
Introduction to plant phylogenetic systematics, plant classification, survey of flowering plant families, identification and field study of local plants.

BIOL 371. Ecological Methods.

(Cross-listed with A ECL). (2-3) Cr. 3. F. Prereq: A ECL 312; STAT 101 or STAT 104
Quantitative techniques used in management of natural resources with emphasis on inventory and manipulation of habitat and animal populations. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 381. Environmental Systems I: Introduction to Environmental Systems.

(Dual-listed with 581). (Cross-listed with ENSCI, ENV S, MICRO). Cr. 3-4. F. Prereq: 12 credits of natural science including biology and chemistry
Introduction to the structure and function of natural environmental systems. Emphasis on the analysis of material and energy flows in natural environmental systems and the primary environmental factors controlling these systems. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 382. Environmental Systems II: Analysis of Environmental Systems.

(Dual-listed with 582). (Cross-listed with ENSCI). (2-2) Cr. 3. S. Prereq: ENSCI 381
Continuation of ENSCI 381. Systems approach to the analysis of material and energy flows in natural environmental systems and the primary environmental factors controlling these systems. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 393. North American Field Trips in Biology.

Cr. 1-4. Repeatable. Prereq: Two courses in the biological sciences and by approval of application
Extended field trips, usually during break periods, to North American locations of interest to biologists. Inquire in the Biology Program Office, 103 Bessey Hall, for trip schedule.

BIOL 393A. Pre-trip Seminar. Cr. 1. Discussion of relevant biological and cultural topics during semester preceding trip..

Cr. 1. Repeatable. Prereq: Two courses in the biological sciences and by approval of application
Extended field trips, usually during break periods, to North American locations of interest to biologists. Inquire in the Biology Program Office, 103 Bessey Hall, for trip schedule.

BIOL 393B. Field trip. Cr. 1 to 3. Trip to North American location under supervision of faculty member. Report required..

Cr. 1-4. Repeatable. Prereq: Two courses in the biological sciences and by approval of application
Extended field trips, usually during break periods, to North American locations of interest to biologists. Inquire in the Biology Program Office, 103 Bessey Hall, for trip schedule.

BIOL 394. International Field Trips in Biology.

Cr. 1-4. Repeatable. Prereq: Two courses in the biological sciences and by approval of application
Extended field trips, usually during break periods, to international locations of interest to biologists. Inquire in the Biology Program Office, 103 Bessey Hall, for trip schedule.

BIOL 394A. Pre-trip Seminar. Cr. 1. Discussion of relevant biological and cultural topics during semester preceding trip..

Cr. 1. Repeatable. Prereq: Two courses in the biological sciences and by approval of application
Extended field trips, usually during break periods, to international locations of interest to biologists. Inquire in the Biology Program Office, 103 Bessey Hall, for trip schedule.

BIOL 394B. Field trip. Cr. 1 to 3. Trip to international location under supervision of faculty member. Report required. Offered on a satisfactory-fail grading basis only..

Cr. 1-4. Repeatable. Prereq: Two courses in the biological sciences and by approval of application
Extended field trips, usually during break periods, to international locations of interest to biologists. Inquire in the Biology Program Office, 103 Bessey Hall, for trip schedule.

BIOL 423. Developmental Biology.

(3-0) Cr. 3. S. Prereq: BIOL 313
Principles of embryogenesis and animal development. Establishment of body axes, organ and limb development, and specification of cell fates. Emphasis on cell signaling and the control of gene expression within the context of a developing organism. Medically relevant subjects will be discussed, including stem cells, cancer biology, fertilization, and cloning.

BIOL 423L. Developmental Biology Laboratory.

(0-3) Cr. 1. S. Prereq: Credit or enrollment in BIOL 423
Experiments and explorations illustrating fundamental principles of multicellular development.

BIOL 428. Topics in Cell Biology.

(3-0) Cr. 3. S. Prereq: BIOL 314
Selected topics on biological organization and function at the cellular level. Emphasis on biomembranes. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 434. Endocrinology.

(3-0) Cr. 3. S. Prereq: BIOL 211, BIOL 212
Dual-listed with EEOB 534. Chemical integration of vertebrate organisms. The structure, development, and evolution of the endocrine glands and the function and structure of their hormones. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 436. Neurobiology.

(3-0) Cr. 3. F. Prereq: BIOL 212
Basic principles of brain function and development. Signaling of nerve cells, synaptic transmission, structure/function of ion channels and receptors, memory and synaptic plasticity, movement and central control, sensation and sensory processing, construction of neural circuits, early brain development, complex brain functions in health and disease. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 439. Environmental Physiology.

Cr. 3-4. Alt. S., offered 2012. Prereq: BIOL 335; physics recommended
Dual-listed with EEOB 539. Physiological adaptations to the environment with an emphasis on vertebrates. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 444. Introduction to Bioinformatics.

(Cross-listed with BCB, BCBIO, COM S, CPR E, GEN). (4-0) Cr. 4. F. Prereq: MATH 165 or STAT 401 or equivalent
Broad overview of bioinformatics with a significant problem-solving component, including hands-on practice using computational tools to solve a variety of biological problems. Topics include: database searching, sequence alignment, gene prediction, RNA and protein structure prediction, construction of phylogenetic trees, comparative and functional genomics, systems biology. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 454. Plant Anatomy.

(3-3) Cr. 4. F. Prereq: BIOL 212L; BIOL 366 recommended
Characteristics of cell and tissue types in vascular plants. Anatomy of developing and mature stems, roots, and leaves, including secondary (woody) growth. Introduction to the special anatomy of flowers and seeds. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 455. Bryophyte and Lichen Biodiversity.

(Dual-listed with 555). Cr. 3. Prereq: BIOL 211, BIOL 211L
(Dual-listed with EEOB) Introduction to the biology and ecology of mosses, liverworts, and lichens. Emphasis on identification and diversity of local representatives of these three groups of organisms. Required field trips and service-learning. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 456. Principles of Mycology.

(Cross-listed with MICRO). (2-3) Cr. 3. F. Prereq: 10 credits in biological sciences
Morphology, diversity and ecology of fungi; their relation to agriculture and industry and human health. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 457. Herpetology.

(Dual-listed with 557). (Cross-listed with A ECL). (2-3) Cr. 3. F. Prereq: BIOL 351 or BIOL 365
Biology, ecology, and evolution of amphibians (salamanders, frogs, caecilians) and reptiles (lizards, snakes, tuatara, turtles, crocodilians). Emphasis on structure, physiological adaptation to different environments, behavior, reproduction, roles of amphibians and reptiles in ecosystems, and conservation. Laboratory focus on survey methods, identification, relationships, distribution, habits, and habitats of amphibians and reptiles.

BIOL 458. Ornithology.

(Dual-listed with 558). (Cross-listed with A ECL). (2-3) Cr. 3. S. Prereq: A ECL 365 or BIOL 351
Biology, evolution, ecology and taxonomy of birds. Emphasis on structure, physiology, behavior, communication, navigation, reproduction, and conservation. Laboratory exercises complement lecture topics, emphasize identification and distribution of Midwest birds, and include field trips.

BIOL 459. Mammalogy.

(Dual-listed with 559). (Cross-listed with A ECL). (2-3) Cr. 3. S. Prereq: BIOL 351 or A ECL 365
Biology, ecology, and evolution of mammals. Emphasis on structure, physiological adaptation to different environments, behavior, reproduction, roles of mammals in ecosystems, and conservation. Laboratory focus on identification, distribution, habits, and habitats of mammals.

BIOL 462. Evolutionary Genetics.

(Cross-listed with GEN). (3-0) Cr. 3. S. Prereq: BIOL 315
The genetic basis of evolutionary processes in higher organisms. The role of genetic variation in adaptation, natural selection, adaptive processes, and the influence of random processes on evolutionary change. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 465. Morphometric Analysis.

(3-2) Cr. 4. Alt. S., offered 2012. Prereq: STAT 401
Dual-listed with EEOB 565. A comprehensive overview of the theory and methods for the analysis of biological shape with emphasis on data acquisition, standardization, statistical analysis, and visualization of results. Methods for both landmark and outline data will be discussed. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 471. Introductory Conservation Biology.

Cr. 3. Prereq: BIOL 312
Examination of conservation issues from a population and community perspective. The role of genetics, demography, and environment in determining population viability, habitat fragmentation, reserve design, biodiversity assessment, and restoration ecology.

BIOL 472. Community Ecology.

(2-2) Cr. 3. S. Prereq: BIOL 312
The effect of interspecific interactions on the structure and dynamics of natural and managed communities; including concepts of guild structure and trophic web dynamics and their importance to the productivity, diversity, stability, and sustainability of communities. The implications of interspecifc interactions in the management of wild species will be emphasized with illustrative case histories of interactions between plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 474. Plant Ecology.

(3-0) Cr. 3. S. Prereq: BIOL 312
Principles of plant population and community ecology. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 476. Functional Ecology.

(3-0) Cr. 3. Alt. S., offered 2013. Prereq: BIOL 312
Dual-listed with EEOB 576. The nature of adaptations to physical and biotic environments. Biophysical, biomechanical, and physiological bases of the structure, form, growth, distribution, and abundance of organisms.

BIOL 480. Studies in Marine Biology.

Cr. 1-8. Repeatable.
Courses taken at Gulf Coast Research Laboratory and other marine biological stations are transferred to Iowa State University under this number.

BIOL 481. Summer Field Studies.

Cr. 1-8. Repeatable.
Courses taken at summer biological field stations are transferred to Iowa State University under this number. See www.biology.iastate.edu for links to field stations located in different biomes: coastal, Great Lakes, taiga, deciduous forests, deserts, Rocky Mountains.

BIOL 482. Tropical Biology.

Cr. 1-4. Repeatable, maximum of 8 credits. Prereq: One year of college biology; knowledge of Spanish desirable but not required
Students registering for courses taught by the Organization for Tropical Studies will receive credit for this ISU course when requesting a transfer of credits.

BIOL 484. Ecosystem Ecology.

(Cross-listed with ENSCI). (3-0) Cr. 3. S. Prereq: Combined 12 credits in biology and chemistry
Introduction of the study of ecosystems and the factors that influence their properties and dynamics. Conceptual foundations for ecosystem studies. Quantitative analyses of accumulations, transformations, and fluxes of nutrients, water, and energy within and among ecosystems.

BIOL 486. Aquatic Ecology.

(Cross-listed with ENSCI, A ECL). (3-0) Cr. 3. F. Prereq: BIOL 312 or ENSCI 381 or ENSCI 402 or NREM 301
Dual-listed with EEOB 586. Structure and function of aquatic ecosystems with application to fishery and pollution problems. Emphasis on lacustrine, riverine, and wetland ecology. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 486L. Aquatic Ecology Laboratory.

(Cross-listed with ENSCI, A ECL). (0-3) Cr. 1. F. Prereq: Concurrent enrollment in BIOL 486
Dual-listed with EEOB 586L. Field trips and laboratory exercises to accompany 486. Hands-on experience with aquatic research and monitoring techniques and concepts. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 487. Microbial Ecology.

(Cross-listed with ENSCI, MICRO). (3-0) Cr. 3. F. Prereq: Six credits in biology and 6 credits in chemistry
Dual-listed with EEOB 587. Introduction to major functional groups of autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms and their roles in natural systems. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 488. Identification of Aquatic Organisms.

(0-3) Cr. 1. F.S.
On line taxonomic and identification exercises to accompany 486. Instruction and practice in the identification of algae, aquatic macrophytes, zooplankton, and benthos. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 489. Population Ecology.

(2-2) Cr. 3. F. Prereq: BIOL 312, STAT 101 or STAT 104, a course in calculus, or graduate standing
Dual-listed with EEOB 589. Concepts and theories of population dynamics with emphasis on models of growth, predation, competition, and regulation.

BIOL 490. Independent Study.

Cr. 1-6. Repeatable, maximum of 9 credits. Prereq: 8 credits in biology and permission of instructor
Research opportunities for undergraduate students in the biological sciences. No more than 9 credits in Biol 490 may be counted toward graduation and of those, only 6 credits may be applied to the major.

BIOL 490I. Iowa Lakeside Laboratory. (Same as Ia LL 490I) Cr. 1 to 4 each time taken. See Iowa Lakeside Laboratory..

Cr. 1-6. Repeatable, maximum of 9 credits. Prereq: 8 credits in biology and permission of instructor
Research opportunities for undergraduate students in the biological sciences. No more than 9 credits in Biol 490 may be counted toward graduation and of those, only 6 credits may be applied to the major.

BIOL 490R. Biological research. Cr. 1 to 6 each time taken. For students registering to work on an independent research project under the direction of a faculty member..

Cr. 1-6. Repeatable, maximum of 9 credits. Prereq: 8 credits in biology and permission of instructor
Research opportunities for undergraduate students in the biological sciences. No more than 9 credits in Biol 490 may be counted toward graduation and of those, only 6 credits may be applied to the major.

BIOL 491. Undergraduate Teaching Experience.

Cr. 1-2. Repeatable. Prereq: Permission of supervising staff
For students registering to be undergraduate laboratory assistants. Offered on a satisfactory-fail basis only. A maximum of 2 credits can be applied toward biology advanced course requirement.

BIOL 494. Biology Internship.

Cr. 1-3. Repeatable. Prereq: 8 credits in biology and permission of instructor
Intended to provide credit for significant professional experiences in biological sciences. A written proposal is required prior to registration. Intended for Biology majors.

BIOL 495. Undergraduate Seminar.

Cr. 1-3. Repeatable. F.S. Prereq: 15 credits in biological science; permission of instructor
Content varies from year to year and may include detailed discussion of special topics in biology, current issues in biology, or careers in biology.

BIOL 498. Cooperative Education.

Cr. R. Repeatable. F.S.SS. Prereq: Junior classification and permission of the department cooperative education coordinator
Required of all cooperative education students. Students must register for this course prior to commencing each work period.

BIOL 555. Bryophyte and Lichen Biodiversity.

(Dual-listed with 455). Cr. 3. Prereq: BIOL 211, BIOL 211L
(Dual-listed with EEOB) Introduction to the biology and ecology of mosses, liverworts, and lichens. Emphasis on identification and diversity of local representatives of these three groups of organisms. Required field trips and service-learning. Nonmajor graduate credit.

BIOL 557. Herpetology.

(Dual-listed with 457). (Cross-listed with A ECL). (2-3) Cr. 3. F. Prereq: A ECL 365 or BIOL 351
Biology, ecology, and evolution of amphibians (salamanders, frogs, caecilians) and reptiles (lizards, snakes, tuatara, turtles, crocodilians). Emphasis on structure, physiological adaptation to different environments, behavior, reproduction, roles of amphibians and reptiles in ecosystems, and conservation. Laboratory focus on survey methods, identification, relationships, distribution, habits, and habitats of amphibians and reptiles.

BIOL 558. Ornithology.

(Dual-listed with 458). (Cross-listed with A ECL). (2-3) Cr. 3. S. Prereq: A ECL 365 or BIOL 351
Dual-listed with BIOL 458. Biology, ecology, evolution, and taxonomy of birds. Emphasis on structure, physiology, behavior, communication, navigation, reproduction, and conservation. Laboratory exercises complement lecture topics, emphasize identification and distribution of Midwest birds, and include field trips.

BIOL 559. Mammalogy.

(Dual-listed with 459). (Cross-listed with A ECL). (2-3) Cr. 3. S. Prereq: BIOL 351 or A ECL 365
Biology, ecology, and evolution of mammals. Emphasis on structure, physiological adaptation to different environments, behavior, reproduction, roles of mammals in ecosystems, and conservation. Laboratory focus on identification, distribution, habits, and habitats of mammals.

BIOL 581. Environmental Systems I: Introduction to Environmental Systems.

(Dual-listed with 381). (Cross-listed with ENSCI, ENV S, MICRO). Cr. 3-4. F. Prereq: 12 credits of natural science including biology and chemistry
Introduction to the structure and function of natural environmental systems. Emphasis on the analysis of material and energy flows in natural environmental systems and the primary environmental factors controlling these systems.

BIOL 582. Environmental Systems II: Analysis of Environmental Systems.

(Dual-listed with 382). (Cross-listed with ENSCI). (2-2) Cr. 3. S. Prereq: ENSCI 581
Continuation of ENSCI 581. Systems approach to the analysis of material and energy flows in natural environmental systems and the primary environmental factors controlling these systems.